Introduction to The Qur’an [1]

The Qur’an is the Book of God [God] that was revealed in Arabic to the Prophet Muhammad [pbuh] over a period of twenty three years. He dictated it to his followers as he received it from the Angel Gabriel, and they wrote it down on whatever materials were available. The Prophet and many of his followers memorized it as it was revealed. 

The Qur’an consists of 114 Sūrahs [chapters] of various lengths, from 3 to 286 verses. The verses were revealed a few at a time, and were not in their present order but were placed in their position by the Prophet in accordance with instructions from the Angel Gabriel. 

Shortly after the death of the Prophet, the first caliph, Abu Bakr, ordered the scribe Zaid ibn Thabit to collect the manuscripts in existence and make one copy of the Qur’an. He did so with the assistance of hundreds of Companions of the Prophet who had memorized the Qur’an, thus assuring that nothing was added or omitted, and that the order of the verses was according to the Prophet’s instructions. Later, the third caliph who was the son in law of the prophet and a loyal companion from the early revelations,, ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan, again asked Zaid once again to oversee the copying of the Qur’an. Several standard copies were made and sent to various Muslim provinces, with orders that all other personal copies be burned as they could be incomplete where individuals were absent when revelation was revealed. This was to ensure that there would not be various readings of the Qur’an, with the only acceptable reading being the one that had been memorised and was recited by the companions as a whole. 

So the Qur’an today remains exactly as it was revealed more than 14 centuries ago, and contains the exact Words of God. Many thousands of Muslims memorized it in each generation, so that it was never forgotten. Further, the Arabic language in which the Qur’an was revealed remains a living language. There are copies of the Qur’an from the first century after the revelation in libraries in the Muslim world. A comparison to modern printed copies shows that the Qur’an has not changed over the centuries. 

Only the Arabic text is the authentic Word of God. Translations of the meaning of the Qur’an have been made in many languages, but no translation can capture the full meaning of the Qur’an. To properly understand the teachings of Islam, one must refer to and understand the Arabic text of the Qur’an. 

Someone who is familiar with the Bible might expect the Qur’an to be similar, but will be surprised to find that it is not. It is not a narrative or a collection of rules or a hymnal or a science book, yet it contains elements of all these things and more. 

The Qur’an speaks about the nature of God, man’s relationship with God, and man’s relationship with others. The Qur’an has a unique style that moves from one topic to another, interweaving various themes, moving from the specific to the general and back again. For this reason, calling the Sūrahs “chapters” is really a misnomer, for a chapter deals with one theme. The word “surah” is unique to the Qur’an. 

The Qur’an contains, among other things, glimpses of the stories of previous prophets but, with the exception of Prophet Yusuf [Joseph], does not tell each story in one unbroken narrative. Rather, in various places it relates certain details and asks us to reflect on their significance. 

The verses revealed in Makkah during the first 13 years of the Prophet’s mission generally deal with the articles of faith — the Oneness and Uniqueness of God, the Day of Judgment, Angels, Prophets, previous Books, Hereafter, and Divine Decree. The verses revealed in Madinah, where the Muslims had established a nascent Islamic society, generally deal with social relationships between individuals and groups. Often just a few verses came down at a time to deal with a particular question or situation that had arisen in the Muslim community. Therefore, the study of the “reasons for revelation” — the background of when, where and why a particular verse was revealed — is integral to scholars’ understanding of the Qur’an. 

The Qur’an remains the most widely read and memorized book in the world. All Muslims memorize some parts of it to recite in their ritual daily prayers. Hundreds of thousands — both Arab and non-Arab — memorize the entire Qur’an. Many others devote a part of each day to reading and reflecting on the Qur’an, especially during the month of Ramadan.